Highly Durable Nanoporous Cu2-xS Films for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis under Mild pH Conditions.

Copper-based hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts are promising materials to scale-up hydrogen production due to their reported high current densities; however, electrode durability remains a challenge. Here, we report a facile, cost-effective, and scalable synthetic route to produce Cu2-xS electrocatalysts, exhibiting hydrogen evolution rates that increase for ∼1 month of operation. Our Cu2-xS electrodes reach a state-of-the-art performance of ∼400 mA cm-2 at -1 V vs RHE under mild conditions (pH 8.6), with almost 100% Faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution. The rise in current density was found to scale with the electrode electrochemically active surface area. The increased performance of our Cu2-xS electrodes correlates with a decrease in the Tafel slope, while analyses by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, operando X-ray diffraction, and in situ spectroelectrochemistry cooperatively revealed the Cu-centered nature of the catalytically active species. These results allowed us to increase fundamental understanding of heterogeneous electrocatalyst transformation and consequent structure-activity relationship. This facile synthesis of highly durable and efficient Cu2-xS electrocatalysts enables the development of competitive electrodes for hydrogen evolution under mild pH conditions.

Gate-Tunable Renormalization of Spin-Correlated Flat-Band States and Bandgap in a 2D Magnetic Insulator.

Emergent quantum phenomena in two-dimensional van der Waal (vdW) magnets are largely governed by the interplay between exchange and Coulomb interactions. The ability to precisely tune the Coulomb interaction enables the control of spin-correlated flat-band states, band gap, and unconventional magnetism in such strongly correlated materials. Here, we demonstrate a gate-tunable renormalization of spin-correlated flat-band states and bandgap in magnetic chromium tribromide (CrBr3) monolayers grown on graphene. Our gate-dependent scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) studies reveal that the interflat-band spacing and bandgap of CrBr3 can be continuously tuned by 120 and 240 meV, respectively, via electrostatic injection of carriers into the hybrid CrBr3/graphene system. This can be attributed to the self-screening of CrBr3 arising from the gate-induced carriers injected into CrBr3, which dominates over the weakened remote screening of the graphene substrate due to the decreased carrier density in graphene. Precise tuning of the spin-correlated flat-band states and bandgap in 2D magnets via electrostatic modulation of Coulomb interactions not only provides effective strategies for optimizing the spin transport channels but also may exert a crucial influence on the exchange energy and spin-wave gap, which could raise the critical temperature for magnetic order.

Role of the Magnetic Anisotropy in Atomic-Spin Sensing of 1D Molecular Chains.

One-dimensional metal-organic chains often possess a complex magnetic structure susceptible to modification by alteration of their chemical composition. The possibility to tune their magnetic properties provides an interesting playground to explore quasi-particle interactions in low-dimensional systems. Despite the great effort invested so far, a detailed understanding of the interactions governing the electronic and magnetic properties of the low-dimensional systems is still incomplete. One of the reasons is the limited ability to characterize their magnetic properties at the atomic scale. Here, we provide a comprehensive study of the magnetic properties of metal-organic one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymers consisting of 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonediimine ligands coordinated with Co or Cr atoms synthesized under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions on a Au(111) surface. A combination of integral X-ray spectroscopy with local-probe inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy corroborated by multiplet analysis, density functional theory, and inelastic electron tunneling simulations enables us to obtain essential information about their magnetic structures, including the spin magnitude and orientation at the magnetic atoms, as well as the magnetic anisotropy.

Actividades emocionales del trabajo docente: un estudio de shadowing en Chile / Emotional activities of teachers' work: a Shadowing study in Chile

En este artículo presentamos hallazgos de un estudio con enfoque etnográfico sobre actividades emocionales en el trabajo cotidiano de docentes secundarios de distintos contextos educativos de Santiago, Chile. Utilizando la estrategia de shadowing, identificamos dos conjuntos de acti-vidades emocionales: las primeras, que denominamos actividades emocionales emergentes, responden a demandas imprevistas e impostergables de sus estudiantes que los/as docentes deben resolver inmediatamente para continuar con su labor. En segundo lugar, están las activi-dades emocionales vinculares, que permiten a docentes conocer y construir una relación con sus estudiantes. En tercer lugar, recogemos las implicancias que tienen para los/as docentes estas actividades emocionales, en términos de su complejidad, el trabajo y tiempo involucra-do, y el desgaste que producen. En la discusión planteamos que estas actividades son variadas, situadas e indispensables para el trabajo docente, pese a no estar reconocidas en las regula-ciones basadas en la rendición de cuentas.

In this article we present a study on emotional activities in secondary teachers’ everyday work from different educational contexts in Santiago, Chile. Carried out with an ethnographic standpoint, we identified two sets of emotional activities: the first, which we named emer-gent emotional activities, respond to unforeseen and unpostponable demands from their stu-dents, thatteachers must immediately resolve in order for them to continue their work. Sec-ondly, we describe bonding emotional activities that allow teachers to know and build a rela-tionship with their students. In third place, we describe the implications that these emotional activities have on teachers, in terms of their complexity, the work and time invested, and the weariness it produces. Further, we discuss that these activities are varied, contextualized and indispensable for teachers’ work, in spite of being unrecognized in regulations based on ac-countability.(AU)

Charge Carrier Injection Electroluminescence with CO-Functionalized Tips on Single Molecular Emitters.

We investigate electroluminescence of single molecular emitters on NaCl on Ag(111) and Au(111) with submolecular resolution in a low-temperature scanning probe microscope with tunneling current, atomic force, and light detection capabilities. The role of the tip state is studied in the photon maps of a prototypical emitter, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), using metal and CO-metal tips. CO-functionalization is found to have an impact on the resolution and contrast of the photon maps due to the localized overlap of the p-orbitals on the tip with the molecular orbitals of the emitter. The possibility of using the same CO-functionalized tip for tip-enhanced photon detection and high resolution atomic force is demonstrated. We study the electroluminescence of ZnPc, induced by charge carrier injection at sufficiently high bias voltages. We propose that the distinct level alignment of the ZnPc frontier orbitals with the Au(111) and Ag(111) Fermi levels governs the primary excitation mechanisms as the injection of electrons and holes from the tip into the molecule, respectively. These findings put forward the importance of the tip status in the photon maps and contribute to a better understanding of the photophysics of organic molecules on surfaces.

Estilos atribucionales en estudiantes españoles de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria con alta ansiedad social autoinformada / Attributional styles in Spanish students of Compulsory Secondary Education with high social anxiety self-reported

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la ansiedad social y las autoatribuciones causales académicas en una muestra de 2022 (51.1% varones) adolescentes españoles de 12 a 16 años. La ansiedad social se evaluó utilizando el cuestionario Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) y para el análisis de las autoatribuciones académicas se administró el Sydney Attribution Scale (SAS). Los resultados indican que los estudiantes con alta ansiedad social atribuyen sus fracasos en lectura y matemáticas más internamente (baja capacidad y bajo esfuerzo) y menos externamente que los alumnos sin alta ansiedad social. Además, los estudiantes con alta ansiedad social suelen atribuir sus éxitos en lectura menos externamente y sus éxitos en matemáticas menos internamente (capacidad) que los estudiantes sin alta ansiedad social. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos de la regresión logística señalan que la alta ansiedad social actúa como predictor positivo respecto a la realización de autoatribuciones causales de los fracasos a la baja capacidad y a la falta de esfuerzo y como predictor negativo de la realización de autoatribuciones de los éxitos a la capacidad y la suerte y de atribuciones de los fracasos a causas externas.

Abstract This paper sought to analyze the relationship between social anxiety and academic causal self-attributions in a sample of 2022 Spanish adolescents (51.1% male) aged 12 to 16. Social anxiety was assessed using the questionnaire Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI). In addition, the Sydney Attribution Scale (SAS) was administered in order to analyze academic self-attributions. The results indicate that students with high social anxiety attribute their failures in reading and math more internally (low capacity and low effort) and less externally than do students without high social anxiety. Also, students with high social anxiety often attribute their success in reading less externally and their success in math less internally (capacity) than do students without high social anxiety. Thus, the results of logistic regression indicate that high social anxiety acts as a positive predictor vis-à-vis causal self-attributions of failures to low capacity and lack of effort whereas high social anxiety acts as a negative predictor self-attributions of success to the ability and chance and attributions of failures to external causes.

Non-covalent control of spin-state in metal-organic complex by positioning on N-doped graphene.

Nitrogen doping of graphene significantly affects its chemical properties, which is particularly important in molecular sensing and electrocatalysis applications. However, detailed insight into interaction between N-dopant and molecules at the atomic scale is currently lacking. Here we demonstrate control over the spin state of a single iron(II) phthalocyanine molecule by its positioning on N-doped graphene. The spin transition was driven by weak intermixing between orbitals with z-component of N-dopant (pz of N-dopant) and molecule (dxz, dyz, dz2) with subsequent reordering of the Fe d-orbitals. The transition was accompanied by an electron density redistribution within the molecule, sensed by atomic force microscopy with CO-functionalized tip. This demonstrates the unique capability of the high-resolution imaging technique to discriminate between different spin states of single molecules. Moreover, we present a method for triggering spin state transitions and tuning the electronic properties of molecules through weak non-covalent interaction with suitably functionalized graphene.

Stable Au-C bonds to the substrate for fullerene-based nanostructures.

We report on the formation of fullerene-derived nanostructures on Au(111) at room temperature and under UHV conditions. After low-energy ion sputtering of fullerene films deposited on Au(111), bright spots appear at the herringbone corner sites when measured using a scanning tunneling microscope. These features are stable at room temperature against diffusion on the surface. We carry out DFT calculations of fullerene molecules having one missing carbon atom to simulate the vacancies in the molecules resulting from the sputtering process. These modified fullerenes have an adsorption energy on the Au(111) surface that is 1.6 eV higher than that of C60 molecules. This increased binding energy arises from the saturation by the Au surface of the bonds around the molecular vacancy defect. We therefore interpret the observed features as adsorbed fullerene-derived molecules with C vacancies. This provides a pathway for the formation of fullerene-based nanostructures on Au at room temperature.

Impacto psicológico del ciberbullying en estudiantes universitarios: un estudio exploratorio / Cyberbullying psychological impact on university students: An exploratory study

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar la prevalencia del ciberbullying entre los participantes del es tudio, así como conocer el impacto psicológico tanto en cibervíctimas como en ciberagresores, analizando además las diferencias de género de dicho impacto. La muestra estuvo constituida por 639 estudiantes de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, seccional Bucaramanga, con una media de edad de 17,6 años (chicos N = 303, chicas N = 334). Para ello se emplearon los siguientes instrumentos: (a) Escala de ciberagresiones; (b) Escala de cibervictimización; y (c) Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire (SA-45). Los resultados evidencian que un 27,5% de la muestra ha sido agredida en alguna ocasión, así como que 26,7% ha sido acosador durante el último año. Por otro lado, los resultados demostraron que existe un impacto psicológico (escalas del SA-45) tanto en las cibervíctimas, como en los ciberagresores. Respecto a las diferencias de género en ciberbullying se evidenciaron solo en algunas escalas (primordialmente depresión, ansiedad, sensibilidad interpersonal y somatización), aunque no fueron significativas entre los síntomas psicológicos reportados en este estudio (salvo en las escalas relacionadas con Somatización y Ansiedad fóbica)

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of cyberbullying among study participants and examine the psychological impact on both cyber victims and cyber attackers, also analyzing gender differences in the impact. The sample consisted of 639 students from the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Bucaramanga branch, with an average age of 17.66 years (N = 303 boys, girls N = 334). For developing this analysis, the following instruments were used: (a) Scale cyber aggressions; (B) Scale cyber victimization; and (c) Symptom Assessment Questionnaire-45 (SA-45). The results show that 27.5% of the sample has been attacked on occasion, and that the stalker was 26.7% over the past year. On the other hand, the results showed that there is a psychological impact (SA45 scales) in both cyber victims and cyber aggressors. Gender differences in cyberbullying were evident only at some scales (primarily depression, anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity and somatization), although they were not significant among the psychological symptoms reported in this study (except for scales related to Somatization and Phobic Anxiety).

The Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents: Reliability and Validity Evidence in Colombian Adolescent / El Cuestionario de Dificultades Interpersonales para adolescentes: evidencia de fiabilidad y validez en una muestra colombiana

The aim of this study was to analyze reliability and validity evidence of scores on the Colombian version of the Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents (QIDA) in a sample of 1,628 adolescents (65.7% boys), ranging in age from 12 to 18 years. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the correlated five-factor structure of the QIDA: Assertiveness, Heterosexual Relationships, Public Speaking, Family Relationships, and Close Friendships. Internal consistency for the QIDA and subscales scores was excellent. Girls reported higher level of perceived anxiety in heterosexual relationships, whereas boys showed more anxiety in close friendships and decreased interpersonal anxiety during adolescence. Results support the reliability and validity of the scores on the Colombian version of the QIDA.

Este objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evidencia de fiabilidad y validez de las puntuaciones de la versión colombiana del Cuestionario de Dificultades Interpersonales para Adolescentes (QIDA) en una muestra de 1.628 adolescentes (65.7% chicos) de 12 a 18 años. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios replicaron la estructura factorial de cinco factores relacionados: Asertividad, Relaciones Heterosexuales, Hablar en Público, Relaciones Familiares y Amigos Íntimos. La consistencia interna del QIDA y sus sub-escalas fue excelente. Las chicas informaron mayores niveles de ansiedad percibida en relaciones heterosexuales, mientras los chicos mostraron más ansiedad en relaciones con amigos íntimos. La ansiedad interpersonal disminuyó durante la adolescencia. Los resultados apoyan la fiabilidad y validez de las puntuaciones de la versión colombiana del QIDA.

Conducta prosocial y autoatribuciones académicas en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria / Prosocial behavior and academic self-attributions in Secondary Education

Este estudio presenta los resultados sobre la relación que existe entre las autoatribuciones académicas en lenguaje y matemáticas en una muestra de 2.022 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria de 12 a 16 años. Los adolescentes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente de 20 escuelas urbanas y rurales en las provincias de Alicante y Murcia, España. La conducta prosocial fue codificada con el Teenage Inventory of Social Skills y las autoatribuciones académicas fueron medidas mediante la Escala de Atribución Causal de Sydney (Sydney Attribution Scale, SAS; Marsh, 1984). El 17.35% de estudiantes de ESO fueron identificados como prosociales. Los chicos de 2º de ESO y las chicas de 4º de ESO presentaron la menor y mayor prevalencia puntual de conducta prosocial, respectivamente. Respecto a la asignatura de lenguaje, los estudiantes prosociales atribuyen significativamente el éxito a la capacidad, el esfuerzo y, en menor medida, a causas externas. En cuanto a la asignatura de matemáticas, los estudiantes prosociales atribuyeron el éxito significativamente más al esfuerzo y significativamente menos a causas externas, mientras que atribuyeron el fracaso significativamente más a la falta de esfuerzo. Además, los datos han permitido crear un modelo de regresión logística que permite hacer estimaciones correctas respecto a la probabilidad de éxito académico en matemáticas, en lenguaje y en todas las asignaturas aprobadas en estudiantes prosociales de E.S.O. a partir de las puntuaciones en atribuciones académicas

This study presents the findings of the relationship between prosocial behavior and academic self-attributions in language and math in a sample of 2022 students in secondary education among 12 to 16 year olds. Teenagers were randomly selected from 20 urban and rural schools in the provinces of Alicante and Murcia, Spain. Prosocial behavior was coded with the Teenage Inventory of Social Skills and academic self-attributions was measured by the Sydney Attribution Scale, SAS (Marsh, 1984). 17.35% of the students from ESO were identified as prosocial. Boys from second grade and girls from fourth grade had the lowest and highest prevalence of prosocial behavior, respectively. Regarding the subject of language, students prosocial significantly attributed the success to ability, effort, and to a lesser extent, to external causes. As for the mathematics, the students attributed the success prosocial significantly more effort and significantly less to external causes, whereas significantly more failure attributed to lack of effort. Furthermore, data have created a logistic regression model that al-lows for accurate estimates about the likelihood of academic success in math, language and all subjects passed at ESO prosocial from scores on academic responsibilities

Development and validation of a computer application to aid the physician's decision-making process at the start of and during treatment with insulin in type 2 diabetes: a randomized and controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Achieving optimum blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is difficult. Some primary care physicians (PCPs) delay the start of insulin use because of the uncertainty in intensifying insulin therapy. The objective was to develop and validate a computer application (CA) that helps PCPs to make decisions about insulin therapy in order to achieve a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). METHODS: This was a cluster-randomized clinical trial. Fourteen primary care centers (PCCs) in Madrid with 66 PCPs and 697 T2DM patients on insulin therapy were randomly divided into two groups of seven PCCs each. In the intervention group, seven PCCs included 39 PCPs and 365 T2DM patients on insulin therapy. These PCPs were free to use the CA. A further seven PCCs were assigned to the control group with 27 PCPs and 332 T2DM patients on insulin therapy. The control group did not use the CA. The duration of the trial was 18 months to validate the CA. The outcome was a change in HbA1c from baseline. RESULTS: In the intervention group, the final HbA1c was 7.19% (standard deviation [SD] ± 0.93), with a difference from the start of -0.69% (p = .001). In the control group, it was 7.71% (SD ± 1.37), with a difference from the start of -0.09% (p not significant). CONCLUSIONS: This CA helps to improve HbA1c figures of T2DM patients with insulin when it is used by PCPs to make decisions when starting, continuing, or changing insulin and its dosage.

Conducta prosocial y rendimiento académico en estudiantes españoles de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria / Prosocial behaviour and academic achievement in Spanish students of compulsory secondary education

Este estudio analizó la prevalencia de la conducta prosocial y su relación con dos indicadores del rendimiento académico, calificaciones escolares y repetir un curso académico, en una muestra de 2022 estudiantes españoles (51.1% chicos) de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. La conducta prosocial fue medida con la escala de Conducta Prosocial del Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS). Los resultados revelaron que la proporción de estudiantes prosociales fue del 17.35%. La conducta prosocial fue significativa y moderadamente más prevalente en las chicas que en los chicos, hallándose un incremento significativo en los cursos de 3º y 4º (d < .20). La proporción de estudiantes prosociales con todas las asignaturas aprobadas fue significativamente superior que la informada por el grupo de estudiantes no prosociales (d = .10). Además, el porcentaje de estudiantes repetidores prosociales fue significativamente más pequeño que el encontrado en el grupo de estudiantes no repetidores prosociales (d = 2.43). El análisis de regresión logística reveló que la conducta prosocial fue un predictor positivo y estadísticamente significativo del éxito académico (OR = 1.01; IC 95% = 1.01-1.02), siendo el éxito académico, a su vez, un predictor positivo y estadísticamente significativo de la conducta prosocial (OR = 1.44; IC 95% = 1.11-1.87) (AU)

This study analyzed the prevelence of the prosocial behaviour and its relationship with two indexes of academic achievement, school records and repeating a school year, in a sample of 2022 Spanish students (51.1% boys) of compulsory secondary education. The prosocial behaviour was measured with the Prosocial Behaviour scale of the Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS). Results revealed that the proportion of prosocial students was 17.35%. The prosocial behaviour was significant and moderately more prevalent in girls than boys, finding a significant increase in grades 9 and 10 (d < .20). The proportion of prosocial students with all the approved subjects was significantly higher that the reported for the no-prosocial students group (d = .10). Likewise, the percentage of prosocial students that repeat a school year was significantly smaller that the percentage found in the group of prosocial students that not repeat a school year (d = 2.43). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the prosocial behaviour was a positive and statistically significant predictor of the academic success (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.01-1.02), being the academic success, in turn, a positive and statistically significant predictor of the prosocial behaviour (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.11-1.87)(AU)

Evaluación y tratamiento de la ansiedad escolar en la infancia y adolescencia / Asssessment and treatment of school phobia in children and adolescents

La ansiedad escolar se define como un patrón desadaptativo de respuestas de ansiedad ante situaciones escolares, siendo considerado como uno de los trastornos infanto-juveniles más incapacitantes. Este artículo revisa las características comunes de los jóvenes que presentan ansiedad escolar, distinguiéndose de otros trastornos de ansiedad, tales como ansiedad por separación y hacer novillos. Además, se revisan los métodos de evaluación generalmente utilizados, subrayando el Inventario de Miedos Escolares (IME) y la “Escala de evaluación del rechazo a la escuela” (School Refusal Assessment Scale; SRAS). Del mismo modo, se revisa la literatura sobre el tratamiento de la ansiedad escolar, encontrándose que la orientación cognitivo-conductual es la terapia más ampliamente utilizada y eficaz. Finalmente, se describen los avances en la investigación sobre ansiedad escolar (AU)

School anxiety is defined as a maladapted pattern of anxiety behaviours related to school situations, being considered one of the most disabling anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence. This article reviews the common characteristics of youths with school anxiety, distinguishing between other anxiety disorders such as separation anxiety disorder and truancy. Moreover, methods of evaluation commonly employed are reviewed, in particular the Fear School Inventory (FSI) and the School Refusal Assessment Scale (SRAS). Furthermore, the literature about the treatment of school anxiety is reviewed, concluding that the cognitive-behavioural approach is the most widespread and effective therapy. Finally, the advances in research on school anxiety are described

[Clinical significance of Streptococcus agalactiae isolation from urine samples of outpatients from health care centers]. / Significado clínico del aislamiento de Streptococcus agalactiae de orina de pacientes de centros de salud.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus agalactiae is a well-recognized pathogen in the obstetric population and is a cause of invasive infection in adults with underlying diseases. Nevertheless, the role of S. agalactiae in urinary tract infections in the adult non-pregnant population treated in outpatient health care centers has been less extensively studied. METHODS: The clinical significance of S. agalactiae isolation in urine samples from health care center patients was studied in five areas of Spain over a period of six months. The study protocol included the collection of personal, epidemiological and clinical data. A total of 85 patients were studied; 79 were women (17 pregnant) and 6 men. RESULTS: Pyuria was found in 72.9% of the cases. A total of 26.4% (n = 18) of non-pregnant women and all the men had some type of chronic underlying disease and 35.3% (n = 24) had urinary disease. Among the pregnant women, 53% had asymptomatic bacteriuria and 35.3% had vaginal and/or urethral colonization. Among the group of men and non-pregnant women, the most frequent entity was non-complicated cystitis, seen in 66.1% (45 of 68) of cases, followed by complicated infection in 19.1% and asymptomatic bacteriuria in 11.8%. Of the 45 patients with non-complicated cystitis, 35 (77.7%) were over 40 years old and 19 (42.2%) were over 60 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Among the population of non-pregnant adults treated in outpatient health care centers, S. agalactiae isolation from urine was found mainly in women over 40 years old and was the cause of non-complicated urinary tract infection in more than half of cases.